cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria

THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. 93 0 obj <>stream This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Kickbush I. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. Disclaimer. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. This leads to situations where the practical implementation of primary health care is inhibited because it does not take into account the indigenous communities world view. Epub 2021 Nov 26. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. Epub 2022 Jan 7. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. 2006;20(2):12734. Nature of qualitative evidence. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. Article Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. In Step 1, age was entered. %PDF-1.6 % These two ideas were fully appreciated . Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. Int Orthop. Young A. Google Scholar. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. Before For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Federal Ministry of Health. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 1983;17(16):120511. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Bull World Health Organ. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. 36 0 obj <> endobj Glory Bassey. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. We've encountered a problem, please try again. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. Most of the participants were married. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. Altern Ther Health Med. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. Nurse Educ Today. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. . Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Part of J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Gordis, L. (2014). Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Am Anthropol. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. endstream endobj startxref The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. 1). Germs cause disease. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 12. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. EMJ. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. 2nd ed. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). Keywords. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Social change theory was used in this paper. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. [Female, Study Community # 5]. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Published 1 October 1921. PubMed Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. Soc Sci Med. Made with by Sagar Aryal. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Mesfin H. Kahissay. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? FOIA Ethiop J Health Dev. 2005;60:691700. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak.

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